Police Chief William Bratton and his Transformational police Research Paper

Police Chief William Bratton and his Transformational police leadership style - Research Paper Example job following supposed personal difference with Giuliani and later in 2002; he worked as a private consultant with Kroll associates also known as LAPD’s. In 2007, the Los Angeles commissioner allotted him to a second five-year term (Bratton, 2011). Bratton rose speedily all the way through the ranks of the Boston police department, where he cleaned up the city’s subways and pioneered community policing. He cracked down on slight offenses when he became New York’s transit police, like turnstile jumping on the assumption that the people who commit severe crime subversive also commit minor crimes. When Bratton realized his dream of being the America top cop, he made sure that there was a 10 percent drop in crime rate (Bratton & Knobler, 2011). Bratton and his friends used computer mapping to locate crime hidings and then cleaned up the areas by means of law enforcement. Tools such as ‘quality of life enforcement’ were used to curtail minor crimes like prostitution, panhandling and squeegeeing in order to create the streets less tempting to bad criminals. He made all districts police commander answerable – they were to report problems and progress in their locales during departmental meetings. In 1994 William Bratton took over, disorder and crime were so high such that it appeared a city out of power. In America, the rate of crime was higher than anything else in 1980s was. He recalls that the atmosphere was in disorder, decayed and criminality greeted him when he was appointed as the head city’s transit police. NYPD too was in a state of confusion and inefficiency. So many lazy people, corrupt, ineffective staff who were demotivated and unaccountable, surrounded it. This department was confused due to valiant and unsuccessful hard work of Bratton predecessors to introduce policing into all day functioning practices. What Bratton needed was a huge shake up of attitude, accountabilities, leadership inspirational and direction sense, which he gave all

Heart Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart Failure - Essay Example es the fact that as a disease, heart failure claims more people’s life than the diseases like AIDS and Cancer combined and by 2020, heart disease will be the principal grounds of death all over the world. (The Hearth foundation, 2014) Heart failure is a medical condition categorized by complete perfusion insufficient to encounter bodys metabolic strains as a result of reduced cardiac pump task. The process of heart failure can be split into systolic or diastolic heart failure. In case of systolic heart failure, there is reduced cardiac contractility and in diastolic heart failure there is reduced cardiac lessening along with abnormal ventricular filling to go with it. (Hobbs & Boyle, 2010) The indications of heart failure can differ from person to person. The key signs are breathlessness, great tiredness, and ankle enlargement, which may spread up the legs. All these are the main or the basic symptoms associated with heart failure, apart from above mentioned ones, certain other indicators are a persistent cough, lack of appetite, profuse and sudden weight loss and tachycardia which is in common term known as rapid heart rate. (NHS, nd) Circumstances that harm or overload the heart muscle can be the cause of heart failure. Over the time, as the age of any individual increases the heart weakens. It used to lose its ability to fill with and/or propel blood as well as it used to do earlier. As the condition of heart started to weaken, certain proteins and substances are released into the blood. These materials have a lethal consequence on the heart as well as in the blood flow, and this resultant into heart failure. The common cause of heart disease are Coronary heart disease (CHD); High Blood Pressure, presence of diabetes etc. If proper care can be given to ensure the treatment of these entire then one can prevent or reduce the chances of heart attack. CHD is a disorder in which a Plaque used to develop inside the coronary arteries which acts as a source

Marketing For Chanel And Ports

Marketing For Chanel And Ports Chanel, one of the most premier luxury product company (Thorogood, ND) that is from France, was established by Gabrielle Chanel who was the most influential designer of the twentieth century (Chanelworld, 2006) in 1910. The design style of Chanel inclines toward unadorned to instead of gorgeous (Yournewfragrance, 2010). The first design of Gabrielle was hats which were sold to fashionable mistresses in a meeting. It was an opportunity that making numerous fashionable noblewomen know her products. Except for hats, costume, jewelry, perfume and textile were devised for women (Womenshistory, 2010). 1.1.2 Ports Figure 2 the symbol of Ports (Imgsrc, nd) I make clothes for a woman who is intelligent: a woman who is doesnt want to wear things that will distract from her Luke Tanabe (PORTS founder) Ports was founded by Luke Tanabe in Canada in 1961. He dreamed of establishing company about luxury clothes in virtue of the social reform which led to the design style of clothes to be transformed radically (Ports-intl, 2010a). His first design was the NO.10 blouse which inaugurated the new fashion epoch. The blouse was popular in Canada, the UK, and Australia because of plain and exquisite tailoring (Ports-intl, 2010a). 1.2 Theory 1.2.1 Market Mix Marketing Mix is that element of a firms marketing strategies which are designed to meet the needs of its customers, including product, price, place and promotion (Hall et all, 2008:p75). It means that companies must use reasonable prices and complete promotions to sell correct products in the right places (Hall et all, 2008:p75) 1.2.2 Market Segmentation Market segmentation means that companies stand on marketing research to confirm and classify the purchasers which have parallel needs, embracing geographically, demographically, psychographically, and behaviourally. (Hall et all, 2008:p66) 1.3 Aims According to Cnga.org (2009), China will become the third biggest market of luxury during 5 years. Therefore, in this report, Chanel and Ports are analysed about the Market Mix and the demographics of Market segmentation in China. Furthermore, aspects of these two companies are compared and contrasted. Finally, there are the conclusion and recommendations to Chanel and Ports. Findings 2.1 Market Mix 2.1.1 Product 2.1.1.1 Chanel Product is one of factors in Marketing Mix. Chanel offers fashionable, luxurious and stylish products (935.ibm, 2002); and further, the materials of Chanels apparels and leathers are admired by consumers on account of retaining the stuff stronger (Yournewfragrance, 2010). What is more, Chanel sternly restrains the design, manufacture, consignment, and commercial to promise the best criterion of the product (935.ibm, 2002). 2.1.1.2 Ports The attires of Ports, which are use the best fabric from Italy, are celebrated because of shirts (Ftchinese, 2007), such as the plain and exquisite NO.10 blouse. Moreover, the packaging is one of the best methods to show the products for companies. The colour of Portss shopping paper bag was changed black into brown which is Portss symbol. 2.1.2 Price 2.1.2.1 Chanel Price is another aspect for Market Mix. The price of Chanel must far higher than other ordinary similar companies owing to two premier causes. For one thing, Chanel is an international luxury brand so that its material is quality and the careful tailoring which is second reason. For example, According to Ib100 (2008), a shirt of Chanel is sold approximately RMB 2,600 in China; however the shirt of Ports is sold RMB 1,799 (Ports-intl, 2010b). 2.1.2.2 Ports The prices of Portss merchandises are reasonable when compared to other luxury brands. According to (Ports-intl, 2010c), the prices of shirts are between RMB 1,100 and 2,000 in China, however, the prices are 30%-50% lower than other luxury companies for similar quality and style, which can encourage consumers to spend. (Blog.sina, 2009) 2.1.3 Place 2.1.3.1 Chanel The place is the third part in the Marketing Mix. Cn.chanel (nd) shows that there are 17 Chanel boutiques to be managed in China, and most of them are located in upscale shopping centers or in stores that have numerous purchasers. Major airports also have Chanel boutiques. In addition, Chanel plans to sell its products on the Internet. 2.1.3.2 Ports Ftchinese (2007) report that Ports has 370 stores all over the world; nevertheless, approximately 82% of its stores are built in major cities of China because the Chinese are its favorite customers, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Xiamen ( Portsdesign, 2005: P4). Furthermore, these stores are located in large shopping centers with a heavy flow of consumer traffic. Finally, products of Ports also are sold on the Internet (Ports-intl, 2010d). 2.1.4 Promotion 2.1.4.1 Chanel The last element is promotion, which can help companies sell their products. There are two different promotional measures of Chanel. First of all, the attire of Chanel is demonstrated in movies (Womenshistory, 2010). Apart from movies, famous actors are invited to occupy spokesmodels, such as Nicole Kidman who can make the products become classical (Yournewfragrance, 2010). 2.1.4.2 Ports There are three different manners to be used by Ports. To begin with, Ports is one of the largest advertisers in the PRC that is a fashion magazineà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ Portsdesign, 2005:p9). Secondly, the clothes were worn in movies, such as The Devil Wears Prada. Thirdly, it is the best manner that Ports contribute RMB500, 000 to Chinese Red Cross because of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. It not only helps victims, but can also increase the image of Ports. 2.2 Market Segmentation The primary aspect of Marketing Segmentation is demographics which will be introduced, comprising six parts, such as age, income, gender, social class, religion and ethnic grouping (Hall et all, 2008:p67-69) 2.2.1 Chanel Chanel stands on gender, income and lifestyle to segment its market. To start with, the feminine products are the most important orientation for Chanel, although Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer of Chanel after Gabrielle Chanel, began to design the merchandise for males in 1981 (Yournewfragrance, 2010). Besides, most of consumers are gentlewomen who do not need to possess vocations and always attend different banquets which are their lifestyles; hence Chanel has no misgivings about the social class of its consumers, and it barely attaches importance to the income because the cost of Chanel is high. Luxuryinstitute (2007) shows, consumers of Chanel have an income above RMB 2,002,000. 2.2.2 Ports Market segmentations, such as age, income, lifestyle and social class, are used by Ports to decide the scope of purchasers. Above all, the audiences of ports aged between 25 and 45 (Portsdesign, 2005:p5), thus Ports does not produce the apparels of children or elderly humans, and it merely designs for adults which are its orientation. The income, lifestyle and social class are, moreover, the main aspects to classify the consumers. It is a chance for Ports that increasingly women have their own occupations in China because Ports identifies the consumers who have high income over RMB 100,000 every year, living and working in large modern cities, such as manager, lawyer which occupation request well education (blog.sina, 2009). Discussion 3.1 Compare and contract Market Mix of two companies 3.1.1 Product Both Chanel and Ports use the quality fabric to design the luxury products for females; nevertheless, Chanel severely dominates designs and manufactures to ensure the barely flawless products, hence consumers are inclined to treasure its products which are symbol of purchasers status. Ports is different from Chanel, it tends to design the attires for career women. 3.1.2 Price Furthermore, the cost of Ports is lower than Chanels because of two reasons. For a start, Chanel is more celebrated than Ports; moreover, the cost of Ports are lower than other luxury brands because the products of Ports are made in China so that barely deliver the minimum importing tax to Chinese government and there has a low labor cost in China (blog.sina 2009). As a result, the productions cost are lower, the prices are lower too. 3.1.3 Place The largest difference between Chanel and Ports of Sale Place is that only 17 Chanel boutiques are managed in China; in contrast, the Portss main marketing is in China. However, Chanel is similar to Ports because they sell their merchandises in the large shopping centers or on the Internet. 3.1.4 Promotion The similar promotions of Chanel and ports are that their apparels were used in the movies, and invited famous actors to occupy their spokesmodels. Whereas, it is the large different that Ports donates money to humans who encounter disaster, such as Whenchuan earthquake. 3.2 Compare and contract Market Segmentation of two companies. After Market segmentations of Chanel and Ports were analyzed. Income and lifestyle, which are element of segmentation, are the similar for those two companies because both them are international luxury goods so that the prices are higher than other common clothes companies. However, some factors of segmentation are different between Chanel and Ports. The biggest dissimilarity is that Ports produces the goods for females and males who aged 25-45; on the contrary, the women are main consumers for Chanel which company do not worried about the age, therefore the elderly women, such as Queen Elizabeth II, also can wear the attire of Chanel. Consequently, Ports segments the marketing though age; in comparison, the gender is the main segmentation for Chanel. Conclusion All in all, even though Chanel is more famous than Ports, Chanel is luxury brands with Ports; they have different or similar manners to operate their companies, such as promotion. While Ports and Chanel showed the clothes in the movies, Ports also use other significance ways to promote which is a large different for Chanel. Recommendations Chanel depends on movies and actors to promote their products; however, Chanel can study Ports, using money to help impoverished humans which is one of the best ways. It can increase image of Chanel, making human consider that Chanel has the common aspects too, and assist others. In addition, ports still need to use more advertising to increase the celebrity rating because it is not extremely well-know in worldwide.

Intern Essay -- essays research papers

HSBC- we are the world's local bank The Business/Organization The HSBC Group is named after its founding member, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between Europe, India and China. The inspiration behind the founding of the bank was Thomas Sutherland, a Scot who was then working for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. He realized that there was considerable demand for local banking facilities in Hong Kong and on the China coast and he helped to establish the bank which opened in Hong Kong in March 1865 and in Shanghai a month later. Soon after its formation the bank opened agencies and branches around the world. Although that network reached as far as Europe and North America, the emphasis was on building up representation in China and the rest of the Asia-Pacific region. HSBC was a pioneer of modern banking practices in a number of countries. In Japan, where a branch was established in 1866, the bank acted as adviser to the government on banking and currency. In 1888, it was the first bank to be established in Thailand, where it printed the country ¡Ã‚ ¦s first banknotes. From the outset trade finance was a strong feature of the local and international business of the bank, an expertise that has been recognized throughout its history. Bullion, exchange, merchant banking and note issuing also played an important part. By the 1880s, the bank was acting as banker to the Hong Kong government and also participated in the management of British government accounts in China, Japan, Penang and Singapore. In 1874 the bank handled China ¡Ã‚ ¦s first public loan and thereafter issued most of China ¡Ã‚ ¦s public loans. By the end of the century, after a strong period of growth and success under the leadership of Thomas Jackson (chief manager for most of that period from 1876 to 1902), the bank was the foremost financial institution in Asia. Today with its headquarters in London, HSBC is one of the largest banking and financial service organizations in the world. HSBC's international network comprises over 9,800 offices in 77 countries and territories in Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, the Americas, the Middle East and Africa. With listings on the London, Hong Kong, New York, Paris and Bermuda stock exchanges, shares in HSBC Holdings are held by nearly 200,000 shareholders in some 10... ... learning experience for me and I have enjoyed every minute of it. What I liked most probably were the people that I worked with. Without a fun group of people at work, work is not going to be an enjoyable place to go for you. The people here have been great and have helped me out in every way that I needed. What I liked the least was probably having do to a lot of the same everyday. After a while it got kind of repetitious but I didn ¡Ã‚ ¦t mind it that much, just would have liked to do some various things here and there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experience in a way has affected my career choice. I would love to continue to work for a company such as HSBC and they are giving me every opportunity to as I have applied for about 5-6 positions already within the company ranging from Chicago down to Charlotte. This internship has made me more focused on my career now and it has showed me that I can do much more. I graduate from college in December and would love to have a job locked up by the time I get out. I know through hard work and having patience, I will be able to do so. I am glad that I was able to work here and would love to continue my young career here at HSBC.

New Challenges for Africa and the Islamic World Essay

* Songhai flourished during the 1400s and 1500s, with an empire stretching 1500 miles east to west. (from Gao to the Niger River) a. Timbuktu * Timbuktu became a major center for trans-Saharan trade. Large supplies of gold, ivory, and slaves were sent abroad. * Timbuktu was a major center of Islamic scholarship, in particular because of the Islamic University of Sankore. * Civil war over succession weakened the empire which was then destroyed by Moroccan forces. B. Other West African States * The small Sudanic kingdoms that formed after the fall of Songhai were parts of a closely linked commercial network. * For example, the Dyula moved goods by donkey and canoe, dominating the regional trade. * A few non-Muslim states, including those of the Guinea Coast, had a matrilineal social structure. a. The Kanem-Bornu Kingdom * The Islamic kingdom of Kanem-Bornu prospered from trans-Saharan trade and reached its height under king Idrus Aloma. a. The Hausa and the Trans-Saharan Trade * The Hausa had trade-oriented states in modern-day Chad, eastern Niger, and Nigeria where cotton cloth and leatherwork were manufactured for export. * Islam became dominant, but women continued to play vital social and political roles. b. Trade on the Guinea Coast * A few non-Muslim states, including those of the Guinea Coast and Volta River basin, had a matrilineal social structure, and prospered from mining and trading in gold to the north. c. Europeans in West Africa * Portuguese encountered such large trading centers as the one at Guinala, (Guinea Bissau), where 12,000 men and women met weekly to trade. C. Bantu Trading Cities and Kingdoms (East) * Bantu settlers and Arab immigrants formed the Swahili culture. * The Swahili city-states grew wealthy by trading in African goods to peoples from around the Indian Ocean. a. Trade on the East African Coast * Swahili city-states were parts of the great trading network generally dominated by seafaring Arabs and Indian Muslims. d. The Shona and the Ganda * The Shona exported gold and ivory through the city of Sofala to the Middle East and India. * The Ganda people established the kingdom of Buganda west of Lake Victoria and Buganda dominated the region by the 1700s. e. The Kingdom of Kongo * In the Congo River basin, the Bantu kingdom of Kongo became one of the first great African states to be visited by European explorers. * The kingdoms of Luba and Lunda resisted European power into the nineteenth century. f. The Xhosa and the Zulu * The Xhosa and Zulu were the main Bantu-speaking groups to migrate into southern Africa. D. Africa in the Hemispheric System * Sub-Saharan Africans lacked interregional connections. * Sub-Saharan African was cut off from European and Asian trade. * Marginally fertile soils, scarce exploitable minerals, and few good harbors impeded development in Sub-Saharan Africa. a. Africa the Unknown * West and East Africa supplied gold, ivory, and other commodities to the Middle East and Europe for centuries. * The remaining Amharic Christians in modern-day Ethiopia were surrounded by Muslims and essentially cut off from contact with Europe. g. The Opening of Africa * Europeans set out to penetrate â€Å"Darkest Africa† with the â€Å"light† of the West, while also looking for direct routes to Asian spices and silk. * Africans were shocked and dismayed upon first sighting Europeans. h. The Beginning of the African Slave Trade * Europeans looked for slaves after setting up in the Americas. * Slavery had a long tradition in Africa, which involved Muslim traders. * Europeans already had enslaved their own peoples, though not with a racialized reason. II. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE * Racism developed from early exploitative relationships forged by Portuguese and Dutch adventurers along the two coasts of Africa and in its southern reaches. A. The Portuguese and African Encounters * By the late 1400s the Portuguese had colonized the Cape Verde Islands and the nearby coastal region of Guinea-Bissau. * They also established a long relationship of cooperation with the prosperous Kongo kingdom of south central Africa and sent Catholic missionaries. a. Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama * In 1487 Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean. Vasco da Gama established relations with East African Swahili trading cities. * In India, European goods could not compete with more valuable and finer products from India, China, Indonesia, and Persia. Da Gama had finally located the sea route to the east. * The Portuguese set up a network of trading bases around the Indian Ocean, and tried to limit the activity of their Arab, Ottoman, Persian, and Indian rivals. i. The Portuguese and the Kongo * The Christian King Alfonso I, a Portuguese ally, controlled the Kongo and attempted to emulate Portugal by expansion and modernization. * Slavery soured Portuguese-Kongolese relations. j. Queen Nzinga and African Resistance * After Alfonso’s death, the Portuguese conquered Kongo and Ndongo. Kongolese and Ndongo warriors were no match for Portuguese armies. Queen Nzinga of Ndongo strongly resisted the Portuguese. * Kongolese Christian kings appealed to the Pope to halt the slave raids. The Kongolese kings allied with the Dutch to curb Portuguese influence. Kongo endured civil wars, which led to the capture of more slaves. * Portuguese forces occupied several major Swahili trading cities. They eventually controlled several trading ports from the Persian Gulf to China. They used brutal methods to achieve their ends. k. The Decline of Portuguese Influence * Portuguese influence waned on the East Coast of Africa by the 17th century after they destroyed much of the trade by dissuading merchants to venture to the cities they nominally controlled. * In the late 1600s, Arabs from Oman pushed the Portuguese out. E. New Challenges for the Shona States and Ethiopia (East) * The Portuguese controlled the lower Zambezi Valley in order to dominate the gold trade. * They also moved up the Zambezi River and ended up controlling the largest Shona state of Monomotopa. * They also settled coastal Mozambique and mixed culturally, often through intermarriage. a. Ethiopian Civil War * The Portuguese forces assisted Ethiopians against their Muslim neighbors. * Jesuit missionaries converted Ethiopian king to Catholicism. * Attempts to change the Ethiopian Church did not succeed, and the missionaries and other Portuguese were expelled. F. South Africa and Dutch Colonization * Dutch settlers in Cape Town traded with the Khoikhoi, but then seized their land. They enslaved or killed all the Khoikhoi living near the Cape, then imposed white rule over Africans. * Slaves were imported from Madagascar, Mozambique, and Indonesia. * As the economy developed, Africans and Asians outnumbered whites. a. The Boers and â€Å"trekking† * Some Dutch settlers, or Boers, moved eastward to escape governmental control and look for new land to settle. * The Boers tried to take over Xhosa and Zulu lands. G. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade * Europeans enslaved Africans to fulfill their labor needs in the Americas on plantations and in mines. * Physical differences established racial basis of trans-Atlantic slavery. a. The Slave Trade Expands * West Africa was fragmented, which made it vulnerable to slave trading. The Europeans established trading forts from Senegal to Angola. * The Europeans traded cotton goods, guns, iron, rum, and tobacco for slaves. The Europeans often cooperated with local African chiefs to obtain slaves. * The exact number of enslaved Africans is uncertain, but it probably totaled 25 to 30 million individuals. The trans-Atlantic slave trade reached its peak between 1700 and 1800. l. Horrors of the Middle Passage * Slaves were branded, chained together, and packed into overcrowded slave ships. * Many slaves committed suicide before reaching the Americas, so slavers installed nets along the sides of slave ships to catch jumpers. There were also many attempted mutinies en route. * The majority of slaves were sold to plantations without regard to personal ties. m. Rationalizing the Slave Trade * Europeans justified slavery by claiming that Africans were inherently inferior. * Some Westerners argued that slavery benefited Africans by exposing them to Western culture, values, and religion. H. The Slave Trade and African Societies * Some coastal regions of West and Central Africa succumbed to chronic raiding, kidnapping, and warfare. * Some societies were particularly destabilized when huge numbers were enslaved. * Out of these patterns of human enslavement emerged the Atlantic System. a. The Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa * Some African societies prospered by selling neighboring peoples into slavery. The kings of Benin obtained firearms by trading cotton textiles, pepper, ivory, and beads, and prohibited the sale of male slaves. * States such as Dahomey prospered by cooperating with the slave traders. Coastal regions from Senegambia down to Angola suffered the most (ex. family damage.) * The trans-Atlantic slave trade created economic imbalances that hindered the evolution of local industries, though African societies arguably benefited from the introduction of peanuts and corn. n. Early Imperialism and Colonialism in Africa * Europeans practiced imperialism and colonialism in Africa. * The scramble for Africa intensified with industrialization in Europe. Western industrialization helped end the slave trade, but accelerated the need for African natural resources.

Wound Care

Program Evaluation: Wound Care Center The Methodist Hospital offers a Wound Care & Hyperbaric Medicine Program which works closely with patients and specially trained physicians (2010). The program focuses on monitoring, management, and treatment of chronic and non-healing wounds (TMHS, 2010). Non healing wounds affect a large number of the populace and prevent people from leading an active life. Researchers report new technologies are altering the process in which chronic wounds are treated. More options for wound treatment are available today than previously available. Bio-engineered skin substitutes, specialized dressings and the latest compression wraps are a few of the more recent methods for wound treatment. The Methodist Hospital's Wound Care & Hyperbaric Medicine Program offers state-of-the-art technologies and advanced wound care techniques to effectively care for non-healing wounds. Evidence depicts that a wound that has not healed in over a month should not be overlooked (CDC, 2009). The TMHWC program uses a team approach to promote advanced wound healing. The first step of healing for patients enrolled in the wound care program is a methodical evaluation by a wound care physician. There is a huge need for quality wound centers. Non healing wounds and excessive management cost health care centers a substantial amount of money each year. According to Pompeo (2010) health care organizations want well-organized and precise figures to decide which cost effective wound care services to propose. The difficulty with chronic wounds is that it is very demanding on staff within a hospital’s organization (Shai & Halevy, 2005). The burden of chronic wound management is constant and an evaluation is necessary in an effort to prove the importance of maintaining The Methodist Hospital Wound Center. The purpose of this evaluation is to examine the wound care program at The Methodist Hospital in Houston Texas. This evaluation will provide the history and overview of the root source for chronic wounds and the effectiveness of treatment of those wounds. This evaluation will also comprise a review of the programs patient population, chronic wound diagnoses, primary diseases, treatment devices, as well as costs associated with the health care organization. The assessment will expand the findings of the previously submitted needs analysis for the healthcare organization expansion of services. The components of the proposal are consistent with the organizational mission, values and vision. Background The Methodist Hospital's wound care Treatment Center came to exist from a meeting between several surgeons at a wound care clinic in Southeast Texas. The physicians were discussing a patient who had suffered with wounds for a number of years. The physicians were interested in increasing improving the credentialing and recognition of wound care services. The Wound Care Center was founded and incorporated in 1990 as an extension of The Methodist Hospital. The Methodist Wound Care Center is dedicated to the multidisciplinary team approach in promoting the science of prevention, care, and treatment of acute and chronic wounds. Today the Methodist Wound Center continues to offer treatment and intervention for chronic wounds. The Methodist Wound Center is an independent center staffed and funded by The Methodist Hospital. A chronic wound has an appearance of one or more underlying conditions which become evident on the skin. Chronic wounds are reported to have the following etiologies (Krasner, 2001): pressure, venous, arterial, diabetic, ischemic, cancer, and end-of-life. A chronic wound entails intervention by numerous health care authorities to address the many conditions and co-morbidities that impact future prognosis and healing. Mission The mission of The Methodist Hospital's Wound Care Center is to provide a full range of the highest quality, outcome oriented physical therapy services for a variety of patients with wounds. The Methodist Hospital Wound Care Clinic team of specialists works together for improved healing rates and fewer amputations in chronic wound cases. In the course of treatment, the clinics aim is to prevent prolonged or permanent disability and reduce hospitalizations. Vision Statement Where people want to work, where physicians want to practice, and most important, where registered patients want to go when they need healthcare services. The vision statement sets specific goals in objective terms, and a time frame for the goals to be met (Pelland, 2009). Literature Review Webster's New Riverside University Dictionary (2010) defines an ulcer as an inflammatory, often suppurating lesion on the skin or an internal mucosal surface of the body, as in the duodenum, resulting in necrosis of the tissue. Dorland's Medical Dictionary (2010) describes an ulcer as a local defect or excavation on the surface of an organ or tissue which is produced by sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. Wounds that do not respond within the expected time frame are defined as chronic wounds or ulcers (Wollina, Hansel, Kronert, & Heinig, 2010). Chronic wounds are contributed to primary diagnoses which slow down the healing process and may sometimes result in death (CDC, 2007). The first step in conducting a needs analysis for the Wound Care Center is to identify the services most in need of support. A review of the number of referrals for different services could direct an initial effort. Networking with practices that have already implemented similar services may be of assistance. Performance measures must be in place for monitoring program success. Performance measures should assess for method reimbursement and sustainability, patient and provider satisfaction, treatment outcomes, and areas for improvement (Lockamy & Smith, 2009). Development of standards makes ease of operation with other systems a reality and are necessary for efficient operations (Spivack, 2005). Principles to be considered in selection, implementation, and evaluation are patient satisfaction, strategic alignments, process management, performance measurement, and project management (Lockamy & Smith). Developing community and governing commission liaisons will strengthen the chance of program implementation success (Dick, Manson, Hansen, Huggins, & Trullinger, 2007). The CDC (2009) reported that over 25 billion dollars is spent annually to govern the management of non-healing wounds. Each year seven million Americans are diagnosed with at least one type of chronic wound. The incidence rate of chronic wounds ranges about ten percent annually and is contributed to the current increase in age of the populace. Stages of Wound Healing There are three phases of wound healing (Fishman, 2008). First, there's phase one-the inflammatory phase, which immediately begins and is active for the first five days of injury. The inflammatory phase generates coagulate from vaso-constriction, platelet aggregation, and thromboplastin formation. The proliferative phase is the second stage of wound healing. This phase transpires up to three weeks after injury. Granulation, contraction and epithelialization draw the ulcerated edges together in an effort to reduce the deficiency (Fishman, 2008). Stage three of wound healing is sometimes defined as the remodeling phase. The modification stage last up to two years. Collagen is formed, which increases the overall vigor of the wound (Fishman, 2008). There are three types of cost analyses. They are cost-effective analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-utility analysis and cost-utility analysis. They are aimed at reducing the wastage of resources in invalid methods by getting the advantages of use of a particular activity with the value in terms of cost. People with diabetes are more prone to developing ulcers on their feet. Decreased sensation and a lack of circulation lead to this problem. The best way to prevent ulcers from forming is by performing a daily foot inspection. The three are not mutually exclusive in their use and can be used in any one particular situation though in different stages of the pyramid. An example is the use of exercise as a cost-effective means of tackling diabetes. In one of its many advantages, the exercise does not only help manage the diabetes but other conditions are catered for in the primary stage. This includes, stress reduction and hypertension which may be additions to the disease. There are many benefits of using exercise to various diseases like the cardiovascular types. The use of exercise is implemented in the third stage, tertiary stage that will include the treatment or management of the disease. It helps in burning down the excess calories in the body. (Hatziandreu, E. , 2003) Wound Center Protocol Patients undergo an inclusive physical upon admission to the wound care center. The work up plan for wound care consists of physical evaluations, blood work, Xrays and wound assessments. Medical staff meets daily to discuss the best plan of care for the patients. The treatment protocol Centers which practice systematic ways to develop wound treatment provide excellent care, including evidence based treatment protocols which lead to superior clinical outcomes (Fishman, 2008). The Methodist Hospital's Wound Care Center treats and takes care of the wounds at any part of the body including sacral, abdominal and even in the lower extremities. The center treats all types of wounds caused by burns and pressure, diabetes, radiation and vascular diseases. The centers protocol is to treat all chronic wounds until they heal as well as prevents recurrence and preserve limbs. The center’s staff does not only treat but also monitors wounds teaches prevention ways such as eating proper nutrition among other specialties. Program Objectives The American Physiological Society (2010) website indicated the evaluation provides formative feedback that helps guide a program as it is being implemented. It also provides summative data that clearly demonstrates that the program is accomplishing its stated goals and objectives. Without an efficient evaluation, the program personnel may be unsuccessful with regard to documentation of impactful program issues. The Wound Care Center employs five full time registered nurses, certified in wound care. The center also employs three administrative personnel, including the clinic administrator. The wound care center employees several medical staff physicians, including a podiatrist, 2 general surgeons and one plastic and internal medicine. The treatment of chronic wounds and research on the pathogen has been going on for many years now. Despite the effort, a large number of people still face the problem when it comes to wound care. A number of people have named lack of integrative perspective in research methodology as a critical issue facing wound care centers (Singhal, Reis, and Kerstein, 2001). Researchers do not view treatment of wounds holistically but have focused on efficacy and safety of specific therapies. The Methodist Hospital's Wound Care Center objectives are to continue with single treatment investigation in addition to pursuing an integrated approach to the mechanisms of wound healing. Integrated approach deals with the physiological activities that make a wound heal or not heal based on the fundamental activities. Study design This study design is pertinent to an evaluation of the wound care center and the subsequent hospital visits from patients subsequent to discharge. The study design for this research is quantitative and the population will be those patients who required treatment at the Wound Center within the last 24 months. The study will use data from Method admissions data base to calculate the number of patients. The system will also track the number of patients returned to the center. Quantitative designs require a prearranged selection of variables. Quantitative designs clarify the result of an experiment, a correlation testing, and often involve the acceptance or the failure to rejection the null hypothesis (Sproull, 2004) using statistical formulas and hypothesis testing with a significant randomly selected sample that represents the population (Creswell, 2004). Sample Patients who are currently admitted in the wound care center and scheduled for discharge within the next 30 days will be the population for this study. The population will be reviewed and counted from the Method’s computer system. We will aggregate the data of all patients admitted and discharged from the last 24 months. The selection process can be described as systematic sampling. The specificity of the items in the database is controlled by change. The series of items is compiled from the medical record number and is tracked over the last 24 months. The advantage of systematic sampling is that, unlike simple random sampling, a designated number does not need to be assigned to every item. Most patients have been discharged from the program because the wounds have healed or they have transferred to other wound care facilities. Recruitment of Participants. This evaluation will not require an excessive amount of contact with participants. There will be no questions or surveys provided to the participants. An option for this evaluation is to review the data in Method and analyze the discharge and monitoring of each wound care patient. MethoD is the computer admitting database which reports on all admitted patients to any program within the institution. Methods The research study objectives is to identify chronic wound services that need most support, to review the number of referrals and to determine the favorable ways of treating, preventing and controlling chronic wounds. The study uses quantitative data from The Methodist Hospital's Wound Care Center computer records. The study will use a systematic sampling of all the patients that have been treated for wound in the last 24 months. The study will record all the patients who have visited the hospital with wounds, it will determine their age, sex and the type of wound they were treated on. The study will also record how many times the patient has been treated and when the wound healed and if it did not heal the preventive advice given to the patient. The methods of data collection will be observation and investigations of medical records. The prearranged selection of variables includes age, sex, type of the wound and the duration it takes for the wound to heal. The correlation testing will be used to find out if there is a relationship between persons age and time the wound takes to heal or the type of the wound and the sex of a person. The study will apply statistical model of wound healing rates because it predicts the actual healing of the wound. The statistical model does not impose a fixed methodological structure on the healing structure such as time but monitors the progress and actual behavior of the wound (Kumar, 2007). Data Analysis The results obtained from the centers medical records and analyzed by Method’s computer system showed that the center had received quite a number of wounded patients. The computer software showed that 3-4 people out of a hundred people who visited the hospital were wounded. An estimate of 20-30% of the hospital beds were occupied by patients with wounds a big percentage being patients whom had acquired wounds during hospitalization. Pressure ulcers obtained during the period of medication is the major cause of chronic wound affecting an estimate of five inpatients. The results also showed that 5% of patients died after contracting surgical wound infection during the period. The result statistics indicated through tables and graphs drawn using method computer programs showed that chronic wound were caused by a number of factors such as immobility which usually affected patients on hospital bed causing bed sores and pressure ulcers. The other factors included diabetes, trauma, poor circulation and vascular disease (Stillman, 2010). Diabetes was the major cause of developing a chronic would as statistics showed as 20-50% of people with diabetes had the risk of contracting . Wounds can also be caused by other causes namely unhealthy nutrition, ill-fitting shoes, hygiene and lack of exercises. A big number of people obtained wounds after falling. The research study used a new statistical model that combines both the wound’s size wand the time of closure. This was because it was not easy to determine the actual time that most patients would heal after they were released from the hospital. Methodist Wound Care Center just like other hospital and clinical centers released their patients after their wounds closed after giving them advice on proper preventive measures. The model analyzed the wound size against time. A graph drawn should exhibit negative correlation, that is, as time goes the size of the wound reduces in order to indicate healing. Implications Meta-analytic review of wound healing processes showed that the duration a wound took to heal depended on the type of treatment given and the size of the wound. A large number of wounds do not heal completely but only undergo a process called closure. It is therefore not easy to calculate the correlation between the size of the wound and the duration it takes to heal completely. The statistical approach therefore calculated the time of closure as the healing of the wound. Studies have shown that there are four major stages of healing. A normal would heal even before stage IV but a chronic wound that progresses to stage IV may have serious implication that may lead to amputation (Columbia University Medical Center, 2007). Stage IV is usual the wound closure as it involves formation of a new skin and scarring but it does not mean the wound is completely healed. The data analyzed showed there was a negative correlation between the time of closure and the size of the wound. The size of the wound decreased as time the patient undertook treatment increased. This was a measure that healing process was taking place. While 45% of the patients admitted in the hospital for the given period showed a healing trend, some patient’s wounds did not heal regardless of the time frame. In fact some small wounds grew in size as time progressed. The study results did not indicate a linear relationship since some wounds grew in size as time progressed while others became smaller as time increased. The study results showed a non-exponential Gompertz-type model that shows specific differences and variations in individual wound behavior. Monitoring The modified Gompertz-type model was the best for monitoring and evaluating the healing process of the wound as it applied to all types of wound (both the ones that healed and the ones that did not heal). The model has advantage over other models as it could predict the rate of healing based on the treatment and similarity of wound type. Healing involves tissue healing and wound closure. The study model monitored all the patients that had visited the hospital in the last 30 days to determine which stage of healing process they were in. Generally the healing process involved four phases namely inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, remodeling phase and epithelialization(Hess, 2005). All the wounded patients for the last 30 days were monitored and the phase they were in recorded. The wounded patients that had already visited the hospital in last 24 months were expected to be at various phases depending on the size and type of the wound. A table was thereafter recorded and graphs drawn to analyze the data in order to gain conclusive results of the study. A normal wound requires 3-4 days to be at the epithelialization phase where another layer of skin form leading to scarring (Sussman and Bates-Jensen, 2007). Some wounds take more than that depending on the size of the wound. The research study was given 30 days period in which to monitor the phases of patients wound in order to get conclusive results. A table was set up for all the wounded patients, the time they were admitted and the time they underwent all the four phases. At the end of the one month period a time table was prepared that showed the time period and the number of patients at a particular phase.

Book Thief Quote Paragraph Essays

Book Thief Quote Paragraph Essays Book Thief Quote Paragraph Paper Book Thief Quote Paragraph Paper Essay Topic: Paragraph The Book Thief The Book Thief Questions 1) Death explains that Lies steals books for different reasons that reflect what Is happening in her life at the time which was her brothers death. Still In disbelief, she started to dig. He couldnt be dead. He couldnt be dead. He couldnt(5. 60). Less was Incredible hurt and couldnt stand It. Death says, The point Is, It TLD really matter what the book was about. It was what It meant that was more Important. (l . 38) She steals her first book because It reminded her of her brother after he died. She steals the second book at the book burning to rebel against Hitler. Then they discovered she couldnt read or write. (7. 25) This Is also a reason that Lies takes book. She cannot read and is determined to learn. She is taught by Hans ho immediately bonds with her and teaches her: Unofficially, it was called the midnight class, even though it commenced at around two in the morning. (7. 30) Lies also takes The Whistler and The Dream Carrier to add to her collection. One reason Lies takes The Whistler to get back at alls and finally she takes the Dream Carrier to read to Max while he is in a coma. Each theft had a significance that validated her actions or gave her a memory.

LEARNING TEAM CHARTER TEAM C Essays - Team, Teams, Free Essays

LEARNING TEAM CHARTER TEAM C Essays - Team, Teams, Free Essays LEARNING TEAM CHARTER TEAM C Course TitleLDR/300 Team Members/Contact Information NamePhoneTime zone and Availability during the WeekEmail MonFri 6pm to 9pm Sat-Sun [emailprotected] Team Ground Rules and Guidelines Goal: Work together as a team to produce the best possible results. Collaborate to expose strengths of each team member. Share the load so that one team member does not shoulder all of the responsibility. Assignment Completion: Each team member must have their part of the collaborative assignment to the team leader by 9:00pm on Sunday night prior to assignment due date. This allows the team member putting together the assignment enough time to piece together the assignment and have the team approve it prior to submission. Expectations for Time Management and Involvement All team members will communicate via email, phone or student website. The Team Leader will coordinate with each team member via email or phone if timelines are not met or if the team leader has questions. If a team member has an emergency and cannot complete their portion of the assignment, that team member must notify the Team Leader immediately. The Team Leader will coordinate and assign additional task to cover the team member if necessary. Ensuring Fair and Even Contribution and Collaboration What strategy will you use to ensure that all team members are contributing and collaborating appropriately? Describe the communication strategy you will use if a team member is not contributing and collaborating effectively. How will the team manage conflicts between team members? Each member of the team will do their part of the assignment. They will commit to completing their part within the allotted time frame. If a team member is not communicating and collaborating, it will be up to the Team Leader to address the issue with the team member and try to get resolution. Team members who do not contribute their assigned portion of the assignment prior submission will not receive credit. Special Considerations What do you, as a team, agree will make this team experience different from past team experiences? The most important thing to insure success of the team is communication. Everyone needs to make sure that other team members know if they are having issues. If a team member has a question that is not being answered completely via e-mail or classroom communication, a phone call should be made to sort out the question. Messages received via text message should also be notated within the team forum. If there are assignments that require extra team involvement, it may become necessary to meet outside of class.

Molodova I - Paleolithic Mammoth Bone Hut in Ukraine

Molodova I - Paleolithic Mammoth Bone Hut in Ukraine The Middle and Upper Paleolithic site of Molodova (sometimes spelled Molodovo) is located on the Dniester River in the Chernovtsy (or Chernivtsi) province of Ukraine, between the Dniester river and the Carpathian mountains. Molodova I has five Middle Paleolithic Mousterian occupations (called Molodova 1-5), three Upper Paleolithic occupations and one Mesolithic occupation. The Mousterian components are dated to 44,000 RCYBP, based on charcoal radiocarbon from a hearth. Microfauna and palynological data connect the layer 4 occupations with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 (ca 60,000-24,000 years ago). Archaeologists believe that the stone tool strategies appear to be either Levallois or transitional to Levallois, including points, simple side scrapers and retouched blades, all of which argues that Molodova I was occupied by Neanderthals using a Mousterian tradition tool kit. Artifacts and Features at Molodova I Artifacts from the Mousterian levels at Molodova include 40,000 flint artifacts, including over 7,000 stone tools. The tools are characteristic of typical Mousterian, but lack bifacial forms. They are blades with marginal retouch, retouched side-scrapers and retouched Levallois flakes. Most of the flint is local, from the Dniester river terrace. Twenty-six hearths were identified at Molodova I, varying in diameter from 40x30 centimeters (16x12 inches) to 100x40 cm (40x16 in), with ashy lenses varying from 1-2 cm thick. Stone tools and burned bone fragments were recovered from these hearths. Approximately 2,500 mammoth bones and bone fragments have been recovered from Molodova I layer 4 alone. Living at Molodova The Middle Paleolithic level 4 covers 1,200 square meters (about 13,000 square feet) and includes five areas, including a pit filled with bones, an area with engraved bones, two concentrations of bones and tools, and a circular accumulation of bones with tools in its center. Recent studies (Demay in press) have focused on this last feature which was originally characterized as a mammoth bone hut. However, recent re-investigations of mammoth bone settlements in central Europe have confined the use dates to between 14,000-15,000 years ago: if this was a mammoth bone settlement (MBS), it is older by some 30,000 years than the majority of the others: Molodova currently represents the only Middle Paleolithic MBS discovered to date. Because of the discrepancy in dates, scholars have interpreted the ring of bones as either a hunting blind, a natural accumulation, a circular symbolic ring bound to Neanderthal beliefs, a wind break for a long term occupation, or the result of humans returning to the area and pushing away the bones from the living surface. Demay and colleagues argue that the structure was purposefully built as protection from cold climate in an open environment and, along with the pit features, that makes Molodova an MBS. The ring of bones measured 5x8 meters (16x26 feet) inside and 7x10 m (23x33 ft) externally. The structure included 116 complete mammoth bones, including 12 skulls, five mandibles, 14 tusks, 34 pelves and 51 long bones. The bones represent at least 15 individual mammoths, and included both male and female, both adults and juveniles. Most of the bones appear to have been intentionally selected and assembled by Neanderthals to build a circular structure. A large pit located 9 m (30 ft) from the circular structure contained the majority of non-mammoth bones from the site. But, most importantly, mammoth bones from the pit and dwelling structure have been linked as coming from the same individuals. The bones in the pit show cut marks from butchering activities. Molodova and Archaeology Molodova I was discovered in 1928, and first excavated by I.G. Botez and N. N. Morosan between 1931 and 1932. A.P. Chernysch continued excavations between 1950 and 1961, and again in the 1980s. Detailed site information in English has only recently become available. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Middle Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Demay L, PÃ ©an S, and Patou-Mathis M. in press. Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine). Quaternary International(0). Meignen, L., J.-M. Genest, L. Koulakovsaia, and A. Sytnik. 2004. Koulichivka and its place in the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition in eastern Europe. Chapter 4 in The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe, P.J. Brantingham, S.L. Kuhn, and K. W. Kerry, eds. University of California Press, Berkeley. Vishnyatsky, L.B. and P.E. Nehoroshev. 2004. The beginning of the Upper Paleolithic on the Russian Plain. Chapter 6 in The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe, P.J. Brantingham, S.L. Kuhn, and K. W. Kerry, eds. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Law of Property Act 1925's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law of Property Act 1925's - Research Paper Example The land is defined in the Law of Property Act 1925, s. 205(1)(ix) as including 'the surface, buildings or parts of buildings' and whatever is attached to the land becomes part of the land. This raises, in practice, an important problem relating to ownership of those items which, but for the fact that they are attached to the land, would constitute chattels. The distinction needs to be drawn between those items which are fixtures, and therefore part of the reality, and those which are not, and therefore remain personally. One of the very established presumptions of UK Land Law is that whatever is attached to the land is part of the land as a fixture. Thus, if the land is sold, items which can be classed as fixtures pass to the buyer as part of the reality. There is no need for separate mention of these items in the contract as would be the case for chattels. An object which is brought onto land may be classified under one of three Broadheads. In general, a thing fixed to or in a relationship with the land is a fixture and is legally treated as a party of the land itself. The doctrine, therefore, transforms the personal property into real property. The doctrine of fixtures can have dramatic consequences. In Brand Vs Chris Building Society Pty Ltd a house built on the wrong block of land became part of that land, rendering it the property of the owner of the land. It can be difficult to distinguish between chattels and fixtures. The general rule is that when something is annexed to the land it becomes part of the land. It is, however, very difficult to say with precision what constitutes sufficient annexation. Should first look at extrinsic clues, most notably any contract between the parties.

The Leader as Communicator Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Leader as Communicator - Assignment Example Intellectuals have pinpointed some core competencies that are essential for the leaders (Leading Concepts, 2012). An effective leader should have an ability to express information or convey his/her message explicitly and appropriately. He/she should understand the significances of good oral communication with colleagues, managers and other executive class office members. A leaders communication style should be efficient enough to grab listeners’ attention and encourage them to fulfill the assigned task effectively (Leading Concepts, 2012). However, it has noticed that mass communication is more effective than the individual communication because in mass communication messages are designed more strategically that directly hit cognition of large audience and uniform passive perception that help all members to work with unity (Harris, 2009). For developing good communication skills it is very important for leaders to develop good listening habit at first place. Then develop an ability to make eye contact during communication process (Barker, 2010). Moreover, it is important to always design messages in mind before triggering them to the audience and most importantly never send mixed messages. It is because mixed messages can reduce the effectiveness of the communication process and might contribute to weaken the accomplishment of desired aims (Barker,

Local practice essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local practice - Essay Example After interviewing the members of the Chinese family, I realized there are numerous misconceptions about the Chinese culture, practices, and family organization. The family has been in the United States for two generations, but none of the members has intermarried with other cultures. The family I interviewed comprises both parents and their five children. This paper is a comparison of the information in books with the local practices of the Chinese people. There is a misconception that Chinese can barely speak English. Although Chinese have limited English proficiency, some of them can communicate considerably well. However, I noticed they have a tendency of using Mandarin even in the presence of persons who do not understand it. Additionally, though some can speak some English, they have poor understanding capability. As we spoke, I realized that they would frequently misunderstand me. However, when discussing issues regarding their culture, they would understand better than when discussing other issues (Ngo-Metzger, et al., 2003; Rastogi, 2002). There is a misconception that the Chinese people do not take a stand in an issue or they are shy. On the contrary, I realized this is not true. In the short period I spent with them, they disclosed a lot of information regarding their past. They would freely talk about their social life. Like explained in the books, the Chinese culture stresses the dedication to family and traditions. I realized that they have some disregard to individualism. They have a tendency of shielding a sick family member from accessing bad medical news. They told me of an example that one of their family member died of cancer without ever knowing what she was suffering from. They argued that disclosing such news to her would only have made matters worse since she was still too young. While dealing with Chinese, it is thus important to ask them of the persons who can

How Reflective Practice Promotes Personal And Professional Development Essay

How Reflective Practice Promotes Personal And Professional Development of Teachers - Essay Example ing nature of the basic learning needs of children, youth and adults requires a broadening of the scope of basic education and redefining it to meet the needs of changing times. The changing dynamics of the social fabric in multicultural societies across the globe have increasingly become major challenges within the education system, especially in UK secondary school system. 2. Need for teacher development The quality and standard of teaching considerably influences students’ performance. The teachers need to evolve and develop appropriate skills to suit the changing needs of the pupils and raise their achievement level. It is important to understand the nature of teachers’ learning in order to exploit their competencies and promote new initiatives in teaching methodologies. Moreover, the key objective of a teachers’ development program is to challenge the status quo of existing knowledge to evolve a more creative way of teaching effectively (Craft, 1996). Teache rs’ teaching is also influenced by their beliefs, ideas and their life experience (Borko, 2004). Moreover, teachers should also be able to communicate effectively to transfer knowledge. Their ability to communicate and their expertise in the subject are a critical paradigm that must be constantly updated to include new approaches and ideas. Effective communication promotes the retention of knowledge and the development of a critical outlook amongst the students. Effective teaching is contextual as its efficacy can only be tested in the context of learning and the environment and support within which it is imparted. Thus, environmental changes vis-a-vis advancing technology, globalization, demographic changes etc. become challenging issues for teachers that significantly impact teaching. Though,... This paper approves that the need to identify and evaluate various parameters of reflective practices becomes an essential ingredient for teacher development. At the same time, many other issues like socio-psychological factors have significant impact on the metacognitive responses of the teachers. Thus, the behaviour, attitude, beliefs, value system etc. of the teachers have increasingly emerged as crucial elements within teaching process for eliciting positive responses from the students. Teachers learn what type of behaviour and attitude motivates students for higher achievement. When they change their behaviour to suit the needs of the students, they improve their teaching. This report makes a conclusion that the role of teachers is important within the field of education as they are proactively involved in the development of children and students into responsible citizens. Their professional development becomes necessary due to the evolving dynamics of the external environment. Reflective practices in the professional development of teachers help to identify shortcomings and promote wider understanding of the various methodologies that can be used to enable teachers to become more articulate and effective in teaching. Reflective practices therefore have gained popularity due to their active learning processes that constantly motivate teachers to improve. The various facets of reflective practice as discussed, reveal their importance in the overall development of teachers and how they contribute in adding value to the teaching.

Marketing and Branding Strategies Research Proposal

Marketing and Branding Strategies - Research Proposal Example Moreover, Nike controls around half of the sports foot wear and apparels market and the combined strength of Adidas and Reebok will make them able to attain almost the same market share as that of the Nike. Thus the merger will strengthen the competitive power of Adidas and Reebok. The combined company won't want to cut its own bottom line by launching a price war. Others, however, think consumers may see more products and aggressive marketing from smaller players in the industry as they work to protect their shares. (Petrecca, and Howard). The mergers are often welcomed by the consumers because of their anticipation of good quality products for cheaper prices. The inability to reduce prices may reflect as a weakness of merger among the public. Any time two competitors join forces, there is a tendency to stop competing - a concept that looks good on paper but can be deadly in-market (Howard). It is quite possible that the lack of competition and trust between the companies may force them to reduce their expenditure on advertisement like activities which will negatively impact the marketing activities of both the companies. Moreover, the reduced marketing campaign by these companies will open the doors widely for the competitors like Nike. The companies say they have already identified about $150 m... Hence these companies will get an opportunity to spent more moneys in other markets where previously these companies spent less for advertisements. Threats Often when former rivals join forces there is a tendency to try to change product lines so they don't go head-to-head. "The real danger may be in trying to reposition one brand or another to not compete. ... Both brands could be diluted in the process." (Petrecca, and Howard) The decreased competition between these companies will force them to reduce their activities which may result in spoiling of their popular products in the market. Benefit of the merging Uniting two of the world's top sports companies and creating a much stronger challenge to Nike, particularly on the global giant's home turf: the prime North American market that accounts for about half of the category's sales worldwide. (Petrecca and Howard) It is not possible for either Adidas or Reebok to challenge the supremacy of Nike in North American markets. But the merger made them capable of raising stiff challenges to Nike in these markets as well. Possible marketing strategies Retailers are in an advantageous position because of the opportunity to deal with products two famous brands. Adidas which dominates the soccer shoes market have contracts with David Beckham like soccer personalities whereas Reebok has contracts with global basketball stars like Yao Ming (Petrecca, and Howard). Thus they can utilize these sports personalities in a complementary manner conduct their marketing strategies effectively. In short, the merger between Reebok and Adidas made them capable to compete effectively with their main competitor Nike. Works Cited 1. Howard, Theresa. USA TODAY. 2005. "Adidas, Reebok lace up for

Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility Essay - 3

Developing a conceptual framework is an impossible possibility - Essay Example It works on the determining the basis of theoretical theories, measurement of transactions (e.g. historical value) and their reporting lines to their end users (SA, 2011). Historical View in Conceptual Framework: The sophistication and excessive increase in businesses and accounting disclosures gave birth to the rules and regulations in accounting standards. A generalised approach was established to process the consistency, standardisation and accuracy of accounts based on reporting framework (Archer, 1993). The establishment of accounting framework board was to standardise the accounting practices and provide theoretical basis for measuring the financial reports. It was the earliest basis for establishment of conceptual framework by FASB for accounting concepts, reporting standards and objectives of business operations. The rise of financial scandals such as WorldCom (UK) and BBCI (UK) resulted in establishment of IASC (International Accounting Standards Committee) in 1989, which is responsible for presenting a framework for demonstration and preparation of financial records. It was later succeeded by IASB (International Accounting Standard Board) that is based on the conceptual framework by FASB since 2001. ... IASB can redefine the existing standards, converge, complete the implementations of standards through conceptual framework, and act as a development tool for the new accounting standards (Solomon and Solomon, 2005). A principle-based approach is a significant factor in implying the standards. It should not be just a mere collection of theoretical conventions but a consistent applicable principle that is comprehensive to be applied globally. The existing problem in converging the FASB and IASB is the conflict between revised and converged framework and reporting standards. The reporting standards have hierarchal priority over the framework, as they cannot be easily reflected in preparation of financial statements due to conflicts in concept and mere framework (FRC, 2011). The main debate for enforcement of conceptual framework is due to the consistency of accounting principles, which facilitates effective communication of assumptions, measurements, and reporting frame. It also reduces the impact of implied misrepresentations and excessive assumptions in the standards (Zeff, 1999, pp. 89-131). The converged standards need to be developed effectively to harmonise the accounting practises and procedures. The framework can increase or decrease the potential accounting treatments for a more diversified application globally. Lastly, the published accounting standards should be consistent with the theoretical concepts of accounting practices worldwide (Solomon and Solomon, 2005). Shaping Accounting Theory Theoretical formation is based on concept, hypothesis, and systematic structure of accounting principles and objectives. It can either be formulated by deductive or inductive theoretical approach. The deductive approach generalise the rules formation and procedures of

Marketing and Branding Strategies Research Proposal

Marketing and Branding Strategies - Research Proposal Example Moreover, Nike controls around half of the sports foot wear and apparels market and the combined strength of Adidas and Reebok will make them able to attain almost the same market share as that of the Nike. Thus the merger will strengthen the competitive power of Adidas and Reebok. The combined company won't want to cut its own bottom line by launching a price war. Others, however, think consumers may see more products and aggressive marketing from smaller players in the industry as they work to protect their shares. (Petrecca, and Howard). The mergers are often welcomed by the consumers because of their anticipation of good quality products for cheaper prices. The inability to reduce prices may reflect as a weakness of merger among the public. Any time two competitors join forces, there is a tendency to stop competing - a concept that looks good on paper but can be deadly in-market (Howard). It is quite possible that the lack of competition and trust between the companies may force them to reduce their expenditure on advertisement like activities which will negatively impact the marketing activities of both the companies. Moreover, the reduced marketing campaign by these companies will open the doors widely for the competitors like Nike. The companies say they have already identified about $150 m... Hence these companies will get an opportunity to spent more moneys in other markets where previously these companies spent less for advertisements. Threats Often when former rivals join forces there is a tendency to try to change product lines so they don't go head-to-head. "The real danger may be in trying to reposition one brand or another to not compete. ... Both brands could be diluted in the process." (Petrecca, and Howard) The decreased competition between these companies will force them to reduce their activities which may result in spoiling of their popular products in the market. Benefit of the merging Uniting two of the world's top sports companies and creating a much stronger challenge to Nike, particularly on the global giant's home turf: the prime North American market that accounts for about half of the category's sales worldwide. (Petrecca and Howard) It is not possible for either Adidas or Reebok to challenge the supremacy of Nike in North American markets. But the merger made them capable of raising stiff challenges to Nike in these markets as well. Possible marketing strategies Retailers are in an advantageous position because of the opportunity to deal with products two famous brands. Adidas which dominates the soccer shoes market have contracts with David Beckham like soccer personalities whereas Reebok has contracts with global basketball stars like Yao Ming (Petrecca, and Howard). Thus they can utilize these sports personalities in a complementary manner conduct their marketing strategies effectively. In short, the merger between Reebok and Adidas made them capable to compete effectively with their main competitor Nike. Works Cited 1. Howard, Theresa. USA TODAY. 2005. "Adidas, Reebok lace up for

Power and Seduction Essay Example for Free

Power and Seduction Essay The gaze holds the contention of being an almost exclusively male property. Men look at women and women ‘watch themselves’ being looked at (Berger, 1972). This makes men the possessor of the gaze while women become double objects; object of the male gaze and object of their own gaze. 2. Per Wells, what’s the older anthropological definition of fetishism? It is defined as ‘an inanimate object that takes on special powers such as warding off danger and misfortune and is the centre of religious rituals’. 3. Per Wells, why is Freud’s concept of fetishism a controversial one? Freud relied on the male castration anxiety which in a way, coins the fetishist as male, making fetishism as an exclusively male perversion. 4. Per Bakhtin, what’s the difference between ‘carnivalesque’ and ‘classical’ body? Mikhail Bakhtin, a noted literary theorist referred ‘carnivalesque’ as the ‘grotesque’ body. It shows how bodies are linked together in a cycle that continually grows and changes. This representation was however displaced by the ‘classical’ body, the epitome of purity image. It is ‘smooth, orifice-less and self-sufficient’ (Bakhtin, 1984, 29) as it hides the chaos and humour collective to the carnivalesque image. 5. Per Freud, voyeurism and exhibitionism are what forms of looking? Freud identified voyeurism and exhibitionism in children as an auto-erotic looking; the object is the subject’s body. While the adult look is a component of the externally directed sexual drive to ‘objectify’ the other. 6. Per Burgin, what is the function of suture? Suture helps the subject construct or incorporate itself in the discourse. In film for example, the subject would be able to identify the audience and the character thus creating the ‘point of view’ and other photographic techniques to achieve its end. 7. Per Burgin, what is the primary instance of suture in still photography? Example is when the subject ‘identifies’ in a radically selective manner, the attributes of the object surveyed. This ‘selectivity’ is achieved by identifying the camera position and thus creating a conflation between voyeurism and narcissism. 8. Per Burgin, is this identification an either/or process? Yes. This identification is selective. 9. Per Burgin, how is a photograph like a fetish? A photograph freezes a fragment of time. Although one characteristic of fetishism is it separates reality from fantasy, the photograph can still arouse sexual tendencies no matter the disavowal of the perception. 10. Per Burgin, why is it frustrating to look at a photograph for too long? Photographs give us pleasure but after sometime, we would begin to notice the little centrality we have over the object. As the surveyor, it is important for our gaze not to be alienated or else, it will create an aversion. 11. Per Burgin, what recognition produces a tear in the suture process? When the subject recognizes that the object’s gaze belongs to the camera and not to him, the imaginary relationship is torn. 12. Per Burgin, what function does a caption serve? Caption supports the still image the way reverse shots do the trick in the cinema. So, as the surveyor gets alienated, his look will be displaced to the caption that when expires, finds itself returned back to the image. 13. Why does McGrath call modernism a ruse? McGrath called modernism a ruse due to the social suppression of knowledge in the issues of class, race and crucially that of gender. Amidst the modern concept of art as ‘universal’, the feminist art lacked contribution because of its inability to contend with the modern, yet still patriarchal world. 14. Would Weston agree with the terms of McGrath’s critique? Yes, given that Weston lived capturing women’s essence and sensuality and McGrath wrote to advance it, they basically are in the same platform. 15. What must the photographer and the voyeur maintain? They must always maintain a certain degree of distance from the object. This will not only keep the focus and mastery of the photographer but as well prohibit the exercise of other drives towards the object. 16. Per McGrath, how does the act of photographing relieve castration anxiety? The camera and photograph become ‘fetishes’. They both play as pleasurable props that give men the reverence of feeling and maintaining their erection. 17. Per McGrath, how is a photograph like a fetish? Like a fetish, photographs require a disavowal of knowledge. They contain meaning and stand in place of the real object’s absence. 18. Per McGrath, how does a maximum depth of field serve in the construction of a fetish? The maximum depth of field could be established using two techniques; the aperture which gives the sharpest focus, and the printing of the photograph. The first heightens the visual qualities, making it more invoking to touch while the latter’s use of high gloss paper gives it the closest original beauty. 19. Per Freud, what are examples of symbolic topography? Freud claims that things around exist in genital symbolism. Anything that stands represents the male genitalia; landscapes, hills, trees and rocks. With almost the exception of the cigar which, ‘is sometimes just a cigar’. 20. Per McGrath, what do Weston’s framing devices achieve? The cutting of the frame, the literal cutting of the head or the covering of the eyes ensure a more sadistic implication and thus more enjoyment of the nude. Print Source Burgin, V. , (1982). Photo; Power Seduction. Houndmills: Macmillan Education Ltd.

Le sport comme support marketing

Le sport comme support marketing THESE: LE MARKETING SPORTIF Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? I. Champ de la recherche De nos jours, une entreprise a pour objectif premier de se positionner sur un marchà © en tentant de rà ©pondre au plus juste à   la demande de ses clients, qui sont de plus en plus exigeants. Le marketing est une fonction essentielle dans une organisation, il crà ©e de la valeur grà ¢ce à   de multiples techniques et stratà ©gies. Il permet dinfluencer le consommateur pour que celui-ci choisisse un produit ou un service plutà ´t quun autre. Le marketing constitue un outil indispensable à   lentreprise qui a vu son champ daction sà ©tendre considà ©rablement depuis ces dernià ¨res annà ©es. Jai choisi daxer mon choix sur le marketing appliquà © au secteur sportif. En effet, dans la socià ©tà © du XXIà ¨ sià ¨cle, le sport prend une place importante car il và ©hicule de nombreuses valeurs et gà ©nà ¨re, pour les entreprises, une forte puissance de communication. Depuis la moitià © du XIXà ¨me sià ¨cle, lapparition du sport moderne a permis de faire comprendre aux entreprises limportance de ce phà ©nomà ¨ne. Le sport occupe une place considà ©rable depuis larrivà ©e des lois sur larà ©duction du temps de travail. Les individus jouissent dà ¨s lors dun temps libre plus importante et peuvent pratiquer de nouveaux loisirs. Le mot  «sport », qui signifie  «divertissement » en anglais, fait prà ©cisà ©ment partie de ces loisirs. Le sport peut à ªtre pratiquà © individuellement ou collectivement et il sadresse à   tous, quel que soit là ¢ge, la catà ©gorie socioprofessionnelle, ou mà ªme, en quelque sorte, là ©tat de santà © de lindividu. En effet, il existe des sports pour les handicapà ©s. Selon la Charte Olympique,  «la pratique du sport est un droit de lhomme. Tout individu doit avoir la possibilità © de pratiquer le sport selon ses besoins ». Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Il existe un à ©ventail trà ¨s large dactività ©s physiques, permettant à   beaucoup de personnes dexercer un sport. Aujourdhui,le sport fait intà ©gralement partie de notre socià ©tà ©et il và ©hicule de nombreuses valeurs positives. Cest pourquoi il reprà ©sente un moteur à ©conomique important. Eichberg (1979) parle à ©galement de  «marchandisation  » du sport en ce sens que le commerce des articles de sport se dà ©veloppe de plus en plus. Face à   cette ampleur du sport dans notre socià ©tà ©, le marketing sest dà ©veloppà © progressivement. Cest le football qui fut le premier sport à   utiliser le marketing sportif avec larrivà ©e des joueurs professionnels. Ainsi, le sport est devenu un business à   part entià ¨re. Diffà ©rents acteurs utilisent le sport comme support marketing: Ø Les organismes sportifs: les ligues, les fà ©dà ©rations, les clubs peuvent à ªtre inclus. Ils mettent en place des stratà ©gies de marque qui permettent daugmenter leur notorià ©tà © et de vendre des produits dà ©rivà ©s. Les exemples les plus significatifs sont ceux des clubs de football comme lOlympique Lyonnais, le Paris Saint Germain†¦ Ø Les à ©quipementiers sportifs: ils sappuient sur le sport et les sportifs dans le but damà ©liorer leur image de marque et daugmenter les ventes. Les marques telles que Nike, Adidas et Reebok sont les plus connues du grand public. Ø Les mà ©dias sportifs: ils diffusentles à ©và ©nements sportifs et transmettent de linformation en relation directe avec le sport. Le quotidien lEquipe en est un exemple. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Aujourdhui, certaines marques nayant aucun lien direct avec le sport, utilisent pourtant celui-ci pour accroà ®tre leur image. En effet, les grands champions sont une valeur ajoutà ©e pour lentreprise car les consommateurs peuvent sidentifier en eux. Laure Manaudou, par exemple, est là ©gà ©rie de la marque Lancel, dans le secteur du luxe. II. Justification de la problà ©matique Le phà ©nomà ¨ne du sport a vu son image se transformer au cours de ses dernià ¨res annà ©es en passant de loisir à   business. Les entreprises ont compris que le sport pouvait les aider à   accroà ®tre leur notorià ©tà ©, à   modifier leur image, à   booster leurs ventes et donc à   augmenter leur chiffre daffaire. Le marketing sportif à ©tant un sujet trà ¨s large, je me suis intà ©ressà © à   la faà §on dont les marques pouvaient lutiliser. Les entreprises peuvent tout dabord utiliser le marketing sportif comme outil de communication, cest-à  -dire, tout ce qui constitue informations, messages ou signaux à ©mis par lentreprise en direction de ses publics. De multiples canaux de communication sont empruntà ©s dans le but de faire passer les messages : les mass mà ©dias, le packaging de lemballage des produits, les opà ©rations promotionnelles, les relations publiques, les à ©và ©nements, etc. Restà ©e longtemps marginale, la communication constitue dà ©sormais une des plus grosses parts du budget de la plupart des entreprises et elle occupe ainsi une place trà ¨s importante au sein des socià ©tà ©s. Considà ©rà ©e comme un investissement à   long terme, les techniques de communication ont beaucoup à ©voluà © au cours du XXà ¨ sià ¨cle pour devenir finalement irremplaà §ables. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Les marques utilisent gà ©nà ©ralement le sponsoring pour crà ©er un lien direct avec le consommateur. Le parrainage peut à ªtre soit tà ©là ©visà ©, soit directement avec le sportif ou une à ©quipe sportive. Le sponsoring sportif a plusieurs objectifs: Ø Tout dabord, le sponsoring permet de rendre une marque crà ©dible. Il contribue à   dà ©montrer la performance technique dun service ou dun produit qui intervient directement ou indirectement à   un à ©và ©nement. Par exemple, si un champion porte des baskets Nike lors de ces victoires, les spectateurs en dà ©duisent que les baskets sont de bonne qualità ©. Ø Une entreprise utilise le sponsoring pour augmenter sa notorià ©tà © aux yeux des consommateurs, voire pour modifier son image si celle-ci est dà ©tà ©riorà ©e. Ø Enfin, le sponsoring permet de dynamiser le rà ©seau de distribution dune entreprise en dà ©veloppant des partenariats dans le but daugmenter les ventes. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? III. Concepts: mots clà ©s Ø Le marketing Les premià ¨res notions arrivent au XVIIà ¨ et XVIIIà ¨ sià ¨cles en France et en Grande-Bretagne mais cette discipline reste rà ©cente. Elle fait son apparition au milieu du XXà ¨ sià ¨cle lors de la dà ©couverte de la socià ©tà © de consommation: les entreprises se multiplient et la concurrence sintensifie. Daprà ¨s le Mercator, le marketing peut se dà ©finir comme à ©tant  «leffort dadaptation des organisations à   des marchà ©s concurrentiels, pour influencer en leur faveur le comportement des publics dont elles dà ©pendent, par une offre dont la valeur perà §ue est durablement supà ©rieure à   celle des concurrents ». Le marketing se dà ©compose en quatre composantes (le marketing-mix): la politique de produit: consiste à   concevoir, organiser et renouveler ce que lentreprise vend à   ses clients. la politique de prix: lobjectif est de rà ©duire le prix pour à ªtre le plus attractif possible. la politique de communication: permet dinfluencer les attitudes et les comportements du consommateur. la politique de distribution: proposer le produit au bon endroit, en bonne quantità © et au bon moment. Le marketing constitue donc un effort dadaptation pour influencer les consommateurs dans leur acte dachat. Il est à ©galement ce qui permet de crà ©er de la valeur sur le long terme Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Ø Le sport Cette notion est apparue au cours du XVIIIà ¨ sià ¨cle, le mot dorigine anglaise signifiant divertissement, plaisir physique et ou de lesprit. Le sport est dà ©fini comme à ©tant une actività © physique codifià ©e et rà ©glementà ©e pouvant à ªtre individuelle ou collective. Il peut soit impliquer de participer à   des compà ©titions, soit de le pratiquer sous forme de loisir comme la randonnà ©e, le và ©lo, etc. Une multitude de sports pouvant convenir à   tous, le sport est donc inscrit comme un phà ©nomà ¨ne majeur dans nos socià ©tà ©s. Si certains sports (football, basket-ball, rugby, tennis, cyclisme†¦) sont davantage mà ©diatisà ©s que certains autres (curling, escrime, pà ªche, badminton, waterpolo†¦), le sport dans son ensemble est aujourdhui devenu une  « industrie  » à   part entià ¨re. La structure sur laquelle repose cette nouvelle industrie ainsi que les opportunità ©s de consommation quelle gà ©nà ¨re là ©gitiment lapproche marketing. Enfin, grà ¢ce aux valeurs positives quil và ©hicule naturellement, le sport peut rapidement devenir un trà ¨s bon vecteur de communication institutionnelle. Ø Le marketing sportif Il sagit dune dà ©clinaison du marketing ayant pour objectif dutiliser le sport, son image et ses acteurs au profit des produits et/ou de lentreprise. Daprà ¨s Michel DESBORDES le marketing sportif peut se dà ©finir comme à ©tant  «lensemble des outils et des mà ©thodes qui utilisent de faà §on directe ou indirecte le sport, son image et ses acteurs dans le but de susciter un besoin, de commercialiser un produit/servicequi rà ©ponde à   ce besoin et de le vendre ». Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le marketing sportif est de plus en plus utilisà © par les entreprises pour augmenter leur notorià ©tà © et/ou modifier leur image.  « Si le marketing sportif peut permettre de crà ©er de nouvelles opportunità ©s dinnovation, soit en dà ©veloppant de nouveaux usages, soit en fiabilisant de nouvelles technologies, il permet aussi une meilleure diffusion de nouveaux produits dont linnovation est de nature plus incrà ©mentale  » observent Thierry Lardinoit et Emmanuelle Le Nagard. Ø Le sponsoring En trente ans, le sponsoring a beaucoup à ©voluà © tant au niveau de sa conception, que du point de vue opà ©rationnel et stratà ©gique. Il occupe donc aujourdhui une place prà ©pondà ©rante. On peut le dà ©finir comme à ©tant une technique de communication qui consiste pour une entreprise à   contribuer financià ¨rement, matà ©riellement et/ou techniquement à   une action sociale, culturelle ou sportive, à   lentraà ®nement dun sportif, etc. Il permet ainsi daccroà ®tre la notorià ©tà © des entreprises, damà ©liorer leur image dans loptique de retirer des bà ©nà ©fices mais aussi de rendre ses produits crà ©dibles. Le sponsoring sportif consiste pour une entreprise/marque à   apporter un soutien financier ou matà ©riel à   un à ©và ©nement, une fà ©dà ©ration ou une à ©quipe sportive. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le sponsoring sportif vise à   persuader les publics assistant à   là ©và ©nement sportif dun lien existant entre cet à ©và ¨nement (ou sportif) et lentreprise qui communique. (Gary Tribou  «Sponsoring sportif » Ø Le produit sportif Bien que celui-ci reste difficile à   dà ©finir parce quil reprà ©sente une large produit, on peut le caractà ©riser comme ayant un lien sà ©mantique fort avec la pratique sportive. On peut donc inclure les và ªtements spà ©cifiques (baskets, joggings†¦), les matà ©riaux spà ©cifiques (perche, ski, manique†¦), les boissons et les aliments à ©nergisants. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Ø La marque Elle permet au consommateur de distinguer le produit ou service dune entreprise de ceux proposà ©s par la concurrence. La marque peut à ªtre matà ©rialisà ©e par un nom propre, un mot, une expression ou un symbole visuel. Grà ¢ce à   limage qui lui est associà ©e, la marque peut aider le consommateur à   justifier ses choix et ainsi à   à ªtre valorisà ©. De plus, la marque favorise la reconnaissance sociale des produits et simplifie lacte dachat rà ©pà ©titif. Tout un ensemble de signes permettent de reconnaà ®treune marque : Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Ø Notorià ©tà © Cest un facteur pour une marque, un produit ou une entreprise qui dà ©pend de la connaissance et de son degrà © de prà ©sence dans lesprit des individus. Les deux unità ©s de mesure sont la notorià ©tà © spontanà ©e (exemple :  «Citez une marque de và ªtement de sport ») et la notorià ©tà © assistà ©e (exemple dune liste de marques de và ªtements de sport: «lesquelles connaissez-vous? ») Ø Image de marque Limage dune entreprise, dune marque ou dun produit, correspond à   la faà §on dont celles-ci sont perà §ues par les consommateurs. Cette impression peut se dà ©terminer par des crità ¨res subjectifs (exemple : un produit de jeunes) ou par des crità ¨res objectifs (exemple : limage dun produit haut de gamme à   prix à ©levà ©). Selon Aaker (1994) limage de marque  «Ãƒ ©tant un ensemble dassociations, pouvant à ªtre affectives et cognitives, et quun individu va associer à   une marque. Une image de marque va alors se construire à   travers lexpà ©rience du consommateur face à   cette marque et/ou à   travers lexposition rà ©pà ©tà ©e à   la communication de la marque. » Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? IV. Synthà ¨se provisoire de littà ©rature Daprà ¨s les articles que jai lu, traitant du marketing sportif, trois hypothà ¨ses mont paru intà ©ressant à   dà ©gager afin de dà ©limiter les contours du sujet de cette thà ¨se et afin, par la suite, daboutir à   un rà ©sultat. Hypothà ¨se 1: Le sport est populaire. Le sport a toujours existà © : sauter, courir, nager sont des actività ©s qui existent depuis le dà ©but de lhumanità ©. Puis il sest dà ©veloppà © grà ¢ce aux Jeux-Olympique dans la Grà ¨ce antique. Cest, depuis quelques annà ©es, un phà ©nomà ¨ne majeur de nos socià ©tà ©s dans les domaines à ©conomiques, culturels et sociaux. Il est important de connaà ®tre sa nature et en particulier les aspects qui peuvent justifier un tel engouement de la part des individus. En effet, le sport apparaà ®t comme populaire et joue un rà ´le important dans la mondialisation. Souvent le pays ou la ville sont connus par les exploits de son à ©quipe de sport. Selon le sociologue du sport Jacques Defrance (1997),  « le sport remplit des fonctions symboliques et produit des figures de la communautà © dappartenance, de lexcellence individuelle et de la rà ©ussite  ». C. Bromberger (1995) va jusquà   parler de socià ©tà ©  « footballisà ©e  » pour suggà ©rer que les grands à ©và ©nements sportifs tendent à   devenir des rites communautaires. Le sport et là ©ducation partagent de nombreuses valeurs communes, comme lacquisition des savoirs, savoir-à ªtre et savoir-faire. Plus prà ©cisà ©ment, le sport contribue au dà ©veloppement des compà ©tences et à   la dà ©couverte de la tolà ©rance et de lesprit dà ©quipe. Il incite à ©galement au respect des lois et des rà ¨glements. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Pour rà ©sumer, le sport contribue, tout simplement, à   lapprentissage de la vie citoyenne. Ce constat rà ©sulte dun rà ©el dà ©veloppement des actività ©s sportives, notamment pour les plus jeunes. Au-delà   de la dimension citoyenne quil incarne à   là ©cole ou encore dans les salles de sports des quartiers populaires, le sport và ©hicule des valeurs traditionnelles et morales telles que le goà »t de leffort, la loyautà © et le respect de lautre. Le sport enseigne le savoir-vivre ensemble à   toutes les personnes qui sy adonnent. Les pratiques sportives favorisent aussi les relations intergà ©nà ©rationnelles, linsertion sociale et lintà ©gration dans une socià ©tà © donnà ©e. Quil sagisse de la pratique de haut niveau ou de la pratique damateur, lenjeu sportif est majeur. Le sport amà ¨ne au dà ©passement de soi et à   là ©panouissement personnel lors des compà ©titions ou dentrainements. Les valeurs apportà ©es par le sport sont la fraternità ©, lesprit de solidarità ©, laltruisme et la gà ©nà ©rosità ©. Lesprit dà ©quipe est souvent perà §u positivement en sport : lorsque là ©quipe gagne, lindividu gagne aussi. Les individus pratiquent un sport plus quun autre selon là ¢ge et le niveau de vie. Il y a 78% des Franà §ais pratiquent une actività © physique et les taux de sportifs ne cessent daugmenter. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Tableau à ©volution des effectifs des fà ©dà ©rations (Desbordes M., Ohl F., Tribou G.  «Le marketing du sport », 2eme à ©dition, 2001). Discipline Licences en 1995 Licences en 1997 Evolution en % Canoà «-kayak Sports de glace Badminton Equitation Gymnastique Judo Golf Volley-ball Natation Athlà ©tisme Football Boxe 26 068 39 106 36 879 325 452 162 225 489074 236864 91029 167929 147932 2055610 15 488 86 072 63265 51 646 367323 182390 543016 261058 100545 179578 152769 2056684 15 484 + 233% + 62% + 40 % + 13% + 12% + 11% + 10% + 10% + 7% + 3% 0% 0% De plus, le sport est populaire par le spectacle quil offre : les individus vont regarder un match de football comme ils vont voir un chanteur sur scà ¨ne. Je ne suis pas sà »re que ce soit vraiment comparable. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le sport est passà © de loisir à   business en quelques annà ©es, et son marchà © global en France est de 28,6 milliards dEuros. Aujourdhui, les consommateurs dà ©tournent les produits sportifs et font souvent des usages non sportifs de ces biens. Ils achà ¨tent des joggings et des baskets pour les porter tous les jours et non uniquement pour faire du sport. Seulement 46% des baskets et 34% des và ªtements sportifs sont rà ©ellement utilisà ©s pour faire du sport. Le sport nest donc plus seulement une pratique mais un à ©tat desprit et de nos jours à   une vraie  «sportisation » se met en place au sein de la socià ©tà ©. Par exemple, les hommes prà ©fà ¨rent porter des polos plutà ´t que des chemises. Quelle influence les valeurs và ©hiculà ©es par le sport ont-elles sur les consommateurs? Le sport diffuse ses valeurs propres mais il devient de plus en plus violent et dà ©passe certaines limites. Les matchs de football, par exemple, ressemblent à   un affrontement entre les supporters. Il serait donc intà ©ressant de savoir si les dà ©rives du sport nauront pas dinfluence sur le marchà ©. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Hypothà ¨se 2: Le sponsoring sportif est un support marketing pertinent. Le sponsoring sportif remonte aux temps de la Grà ¨ce et de la Rome antiques. A cette à ©poque, les individus exploitaient dà ©jà   les Jeux romains comme outil de commerce. Cà ©sar lui-mà ªme avait fait sa propre publicità © / campagne dans le but de gagner des votes en finanà §ant des combats de gladiateurs en 65 av. J.-C. Il à ©tait totalement conscient des retombà ©es que ce financement pouvait lui procurer. Les entreprises utilisent le sport comme support marketing et surtout comme outil de communication. Depuis la moitià © du XIXà ¨me, lapparition du sport moderne a permis de faire comprendre aux entreprises la puissance de communication de ce phà ©nomà ¨ne. En effet, lassociation dunemarqueou dune entreprise à   une compà ©tition, un à ©và ¨nement sportif, un club voire un sportif professionnel, permet davoir des retombà ©es mà ©diatiques importantes et donc dattirer le consommateur. Si le sponsoring existe dans le sport, cest parce quil và ©hicule des valeurs qui permettent aux marques de mettre en place des stratà ©gies pour augmenter leur notorià ©tà © et modifier ainsi leurimagede marque. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Le sport arrive en premià ¨re position à   la question  «Que parrainent les entreprises ? »: (Tableau de Westphalen M.-H. (2003), Le Communicator, Paris, Bordas, p. 347) Dans quel domaine pratiquez-vous le parrainage? Dans quel domaine envisager-vous de le pratiquer dans lavenir? Sport Culture Social-humanitaire Programmes audiovisuels Education formation Environnement Patrimoine Sciences et techniques Exploit-aventure 55% 44% 37% 30% 26% 19% 17% 13% 10% 58% 47% 40% 21% 31% 37% 17% 17% 13% Le sponsor utilise la communication par le sport pour poursuivre diffà ©rents objectifs: augmenter sa notorià ©tà © et se faire connaà ®tre du grand public en informant sur sa marque, son nom, son produit ; avoir un objectif conatif, cest-à  -dire à ªtre apprà ©cià © du public, và ©hiculer une image positive du produit, de la marque ou de lorganisation ; Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? avoir une influence sur le comportement du consommateur, linciter à   acheter, le faire venir dans le magasin ; motiver son personnel, lamener à   se rassembler autour dun mà ªme projet et donc favoriser un esprit dà ©quipe ou une culture dentreprise. Le sport est aussi un moyen datteindre un public mondial et il est adaptà © à   la rà ©alisation de divers objectifs de marketing, tels que: populariser davantage la marque et sensibiliser le public; changer le profil de la marque; ce qui veut dire? renforcer la marque / produit ; crà ©er une reconnaissance mondiale des produits ; attirer des nouveaux segments de marchà ©; dà ©velopper le rà ©seau de distribution; Le sponsoring est donc un outil marketing au service de la marque et il permet un aux consommateurs ciblà ©s de sen rapprocher. Les sponsors veulent montrer que leurs produits sont de bonne qualità © grà ¢ce à   la preuve produit: à ªtre là ©quipementier dune à ©quipe qui gagne ou le fournisseur officiel dun à ©và ©nement qui rà ©ussit prouve que le produit est crà ©dible. Par exemple, dà ¨s 1981, Michelin, offre des pneus aux coureurs cyclistes et aux pilotes dautomobiles ou encore, Festina qui assure le chronomà ©trage du Tour de France. Les sponsors doivent veiller à   revoir leurs stratà ©gies avant chaque à ©và ©nement parce quen cas de contre-performance du sportif ou de là ©quipe de sport, les ventes de la marque peuvent diminuer. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Linvestissement dans le sponsoring sportif est devenu un levier stratà ©gique de croissance pour les entreprises. Les athlà ¨tes eux-mà ªmes sont devenus, surtout depuis la  « Zidanemania  » post 1998, des icà ´nes de socià ©tà © et des porte-paroles efficaces pour les marques. Maintenant, il est difficile pour un consommateur de retenir les nombreuses marques qui sponsorisent les à ©và ©nements sportifs. Comment une marque peut-elle faire pour attirer plus encore lattention du consommateur et rester concurrentielle ? Cette question se pose aussi en ce qui concerne les marques nagissant pas dans le mà ªme secteur. Existe-il plusieurs types de sponsoring sportif? Il serait intà ©ressant, à ©galement, de savoir quels sont les retours sur investissement de natureà ©conomique mais aussi symbolique. Sur le plan à ©conomique, le sponsoring permet de faire augmenter lechiffre daffaireou la part demarchà ©de lentreprise à   plus ou moins long terme. Les indicateurs pour rà ©aliser ces calculs sont assez faciles à   mettre en place. Nà ©anmoins, la part que joue le sponsoring dans les rà ©sultats à ©conomiques est plus difficile à   dà ©terminer. Le sport và ©hicule un certain nombre de valeurs et est devenu un à ©là ©ment important dans lacte dachat du consommateur. Ainsi, sassocier à   un à ©và ¨nement sportif qui và ©hicule des valeurs positives, cest donner à   sa marque une valeur affective. Afin de calculer le rà ©el impact dun sponsor, il faut effectuer des sondages avant et aprà ¨s là ©và ¨nement. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Hypothà ¨se 3: Limage de marque est primordiale pour lentreprise. Limage permet de crà ©er de la valeur pour la marque pour diffà ©rentes raisons: aider le consommateur dans son acte dachat à   traiter linformation quil reà §oit.En effet, une image ou un logo synthà ©tise un ensemble de caractà ©ristiques. Ceci facilite la communication de lentreprise; fournir aux entreprises un avantage commercial compà ©titif et permettre à   celles-ci de se diffà ©rencier de leurs concurrents ; donner au consommateur des raisons dacheter; -dà ©velopper des attitudes positivesen associant des personnages, des symboles à   la communication de la marque ; permettre daider à   la crà ©ation dextension de marques(des traits dimage, peuvent aider une extension par la cohà ©rence existante entre la marque et le nouveau produit). Les marques utilisent les sportifs comme des leaders dopinion car ce sont les personnalità ©s les plus apprà ©cià ©es du grand public notamment pour leurs valeurs / qualità ©s humaines. Le choix de lactività © sportive par le sponsor sopà ¨re en fonction du coà »t, du temps imparti et de la concurrence. Le choix du sportif en lui-mà ªme relà ¨ve de la stratà ©gie retenue par lentreprise. On peut prendre lexemple de Lacoste et dAdidas qui sponsorisent tous les deux des tennismen. Lacoste choisit des athlà ¨tes dont la rà ©putation est dà ªtre  «sages » pour correspondre à   limage de la marque alors quAdidas va plutà ´t choisir des athlà ¨tes plus turbulents mais cosmopolites. Pour les sponsors, il est important de choisir un sportif qui và ©hicule limage de la marque. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? La popularità © des sportifs est un atout dont les publicitaires ne peuvent se passer. Les diffà ©rentes marques sponsorisent les plus grands sportifs de la planà ¨te pour vanter les mà ©rites de leurs produits. Cependant, le pouvoir mà ©diatique des sportifs est tellement important, que certaines marques utilisent leur image pour vendre des produits qui nont pas de relation directe avec le sport. Les publicitaires utilisent alors certaines des valeurs và ©hiculà ©es par le sport : courage et dà ©passement de soi, esprit collectif, dynamisme, performance et esprit de compà ©tition, etc Tony Estanguet, champion Olympique de kayac, vente alors les mà ©rites du fournisseur en à ©lectricità ©. La relation entre celui-ci et les centrales hydrauliques est pourtant loin dà ªtre à ©vidente. Nà ©anmoins, il existe un bà ©nà ©fice pour les deux parties: pour le kayakiste qui na pas les retombà ©es financià ¨res et mà ©diatiques dun footballeur et pour lannonceur qui se sert de leffet post Jeux-Olympiques. Cela apparaà ®t comme contradictoire lorsque les sportifs vantent les mà ©rites de produits qui sont dà ©conseillà ©s aux sportifs de haut niveau. Ce ne sont sà »rement pas les bonbons Haribo, Macdonald (fournisseur officiel des Jeux-Olympiques), les boissons sucrà ©es qui permettent aux sportifs dà ªtre plus forts. On peut se demander si avec la montà ©e de lobà ©sità ©, ces sponsors sont une solution. Autrefois, mà ªme les marques de tabac et dalcool à ©taient des sponsors pour des à ©quipes de sport ou des sportifs. Il est parfois hypocrite pour une marque dutiliser un produit qui est dangereux pour la santà © tout en promouvant une actività © qui donne un exemple de vie saine et convenable. Les marques dà ©jà   connues se permettent de sponsoriser un à ©và ©nement sportif, une à ©quipe de sport ou un sportif alors quelles nont rien à   voir avec le sport. En revanche, il est apparu que les marques peu connues devaient avoir un lien avec le sport. Tout dà ©pend donc de la là ©gitimità © de la marque dans lunivers du sport. Il serait intà ©ressant de savoir comment les sponsors choisissent les sportifs pour và ©hiculer les valeurs de leur marque et quels sont les facteurs clà ©s de succà ¨s. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? V. Plan provisoire I. Du sport au Marketing 1.Evolution du sport 2. Evolution du marketing 3. Le marketing sportif II. Le sponsoring sportif 1. Outil de communication 2. Les objectifs 3. Limites III. Le sponsoring sportif dans le milieu du luxe 1. Marchà © du luxe 2. Les marques de luxe et le sponsoring sportif IV. Conclusion (Pour la partie III, jaimerais lorienter en fonction de mon stage en alternance) Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? VI. Mà ©thodologie danalyse terrain Aprà ¨s avoir và ©rifià © mes hypothà ¨ses grà ¢ce à   mes lectures, je dois, à   travers des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives, les tester sur le terrain, cest-à  -dire en milieu concret. Tout dabord, avant dexpliquer la mà ©thodologie retenue, voici les dà ©finitions dune analyse qualitative, puis dune analyse quantitative. Analyse qualitative:  «Etude destinà ©e à   comprendre des attitudes ou comportement dutilisateurs, de prospects ou de clients face à   un produit, un service ou une marque, menà ©e par le biais dentretiens individuels ou collectifs en petit nombre, en rà ©coltant des informations et à ©là ©ments qualitatifs, gà ©nà ©ralement non chiffrables. » Source: http://www.marketing-etudiant.fr/definitions/e/etude-qualitative.php Analyse quantitative:  «Collecte dinformations permettant là ©tude des comportements, attentes ou opinions rà ©alisà ©e auprà ¨s dun à ©chantillon de la population et dont les rà ©sultats chiffrà ©s sont ensuite extrapolà ©s à   lensemble de la population à ©tudià ©e. » Source: http://www.marketing-etudiant.fr/definitions/e/etude-quantitative.php Dans le but de và ©rifier les trois hypothà ¨ses formulà ©es prà ©cà ©demment, jaimerais interviewer des spà ©cialistes du marketing sportif, des sponsors, des sportifs de haut-niveau et des consommateurs. Comment les marques utilisent-elles le sport comme support marketing? Pour lhypothà ¨se 1: il serait intà ©ressant de questionner une trentaine de personnes (par le biais dun questionnaire), pratiquant le sport, et qui sont à ¢gà ©es de 10 à   60 ans. Ceci me permettrait de mieux connaà ®tre leurs reprà ©sentations sur le monde du sport (savoir, par exemple, quelles sont les valeurs và ©hiculà ©es par le sport selon eux) ainsi que leurs pratiques (pourquoi ils pratiquent le sport, quel sport, à   quel frà ©quence). Les non sportifs aussi pourront à ªtre interrogà ©s afin de savoir pourquoi ils ne pratiquent pas de sport, sils regardent quand mà ªme le sport à   la tà ©là ©vision†¦ Pour lhypothà ¨se 2: Jaimerais interviewer Thierry Lardinoit, spà ©cialiste du marketing sportif. De plus, jaimerais faire des à ©tudes avant et aprà ¨s un à ©và ©nement sportif pour calculer le rà ©el retour sur investissement dune marque qui le sponsorise. Je pense quil serait aussi intà ©ressant davoir lavi